U.S. Supreme Court Schedules Hearing In Case On Marijuana Consumers’ Gun Rights

The U.S. Supreme Court has scheduled oral arguments in a case challenging
the constitutionality of a federal law banning people who use marijuana or
other controlled substances from buying or possessing firearms.

About two months after agreeing to take the case, justices on Friday set a
date of March 2 to consider the conflicting arguments from the Justice
Department, which has consistently defended the gun prohibition for
cannabis consumers, and lawyers for Ali Danial Hemani, who is challenging
the ban after being prosecuted under it.

Attorneys general for 19 states and Washington, D.C. recently filed a brief
siding with the federal government in the case,* U.S. v. Hemani*, arguing
that justices should maintain the current statute known as 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(3).

That law has been challenged in multiple federal courts in recent years,
but the Supreme Court agreed to take up *Hemani*, a case that led a lower
court to rule that the federal prohibition on gun ownership by people who
use cannabis violates the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Several other briefs were also submitted last month for the case, which was
granted cert in October. Firearm control groups including Everytown for Gun
Safety, Second Amendment Law Scholars, Brady Center to Prevent Gun
Violence, Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence and Global Action on
Gun Violence have told the Supreme Court to overturn the lower court’s
ruling in the matter, for example. A coalition of history and law
professors also submitted a brief.

Also last month, Smart Approaches to Marijuana (SAM) and 21 other
prohibitionist groups filed a brief, urging justices to uphold the
constitutionality of the federal gun ban for people who use cannabis—which
they claim is associated with violence and psychosis.

U.S. Solicitor General D. John Sauer, for his part, told the Supreme Court
that people who use illegal drugs “pose a greater danger” than those who
drink alcohol.

The scheduling of the arguments in the case comes after President Donald
Trump signed an executive order directing U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi
to expeditiously complete a rulemaking process to move marijuana from
Schedule I to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). It’s
uncertain to what extent, if at all, the modest policy change would impact
the pending gun cases.

Meanwhile, the Biden administration was evidently concerned about potential
legal liability in federal cases for people convicted of violating gun laws
simply by being a cannabis consumer who possessed a firearm, documents
recently obtained by Marijuana Moment show.

The previously unpublished 2024 guidance from former President Joe Biden’s
Justice Department generally cautioned U.S. attorneys to use discretion in
prosecuting federal cannabis cases, particularly for offenses that
qualified people for pardons during his term. But one section seems
especially relevant as the Supreme Court takes on a case challenging the
constitutionality of the current federal gun statute.

With respect to *Hemani*, in a separate August filing for the case, the
Justice Department also emphasized that “the question presented is the
subject of a multi-sided and growing circuit conflict.” In seeking the
court’s grant of cert, the solicitor general also noted that the defendant
is a joint American and Pakistani citizen with alleged ties to Iranian
entities hostile to the U.S., putting him the FBI’s radar.

Now that the Supreme Court has agreed to take up *Hemani*, if justices
declare 922(g)(3) constitutional, such a ruling could could mean government
wins in the remaining cases. The high court recently denied a petition for
cert in *U.S. v. Cooper*, while leaving pending decisions on *U.S. v.
Daniels* and *U.S. v. Sam*.

The court also recently denied a petition for cert in another gun and
marijuana case, *U.S. v. Baxter, *but that wasn’t especially surprising as
both DOJ and the defendants advised against further pursing the matter
after a lower court reinstated his conviction for being an unlawful user of
a controlled substance in possession of a firearm.

Meanwhile, in recent interviews with Marijuana Moment, several Republican
senators shared their views on the federal ban on gun possession by people
who use marijuana—with one saying that if alcohol drinkers can lawfully buy
and use firearms, the same standard should apply to cannabis consumers.

Separately, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit last year sided
with a federal district court that dismissed an indictment against Jared
Michael Harrison, who was charged in Oklahoma in 2022 after police
discovered cannabis and a handgun in his vehicle during a traffic stop.

The case has now been remanded to that lower court, which determined that
the current statute banning “unlawful” users of marijuana from possessing
firearms violates the Second Amendment of the Constitution.

The lower court largely based his initial decision on an interpretation of
a Supreme Court ruling in which the justices generally created a higher
standard for policies that seek to impose restrictions on gun rights.

In the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh District, judges recently
ruled in favor of medical cannabis patients who want to exercise their
Second Amendment rights to possess firearms.

As a recent report from the Congressional Research Service (CRS) explained
the current legal landscape, a growing number of federal courts are now
“finding constitutional problems in the application of at least some parts”
of the firearms prohibition.

In a recent ruling, a three-judge panel for the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Eighth Circuit vacated a defendant’s conviction and remanded the case
back to a district court, noting that a retrial before a jury may be
necessary to determine whether cannabis in fact caused the defendant to be
dangerous or pose a credible threat to others.

The Third Circuit separately said in a published opinion that district
courts must make “individualized judgments” to determine whether 922(g)(3)
is constitutional as applied to particular defendants.

A federal court in October agreed to delay proceedings in a years-long
Florida-based case challenging the constitutionality of the ban on gun
ownership by people who use medical marijuana, with the Justice Department
arguing that the Supreme Court’s recent decision to take up *Hemani* warrants
a stay in the lower court.


*— Marijuana Moment is tracking hundreds of cannabis, psychedelics and drug
policy bills in state legislatures and Congress this year. Patreon
supporters pledging at least $25/month get access to our interactive maps,
charts and hearing calendar so they don’t miss any developments.*


*Learn more about our marijuana bill tracker and become a supporter on
Patreon to get access. —*

Last year, a federal judge in Rhode Island ruled that the ban was
unconstitutional as applied to two defendants, writing that the government
failed to establish that the “sweeping” prohibition against gun ownership
by marijuana users was grounded in historical precedent.

A federal judge in El Paso separately ruled in 2024 that the government’s
ongoing ban on gun ownership by habitual marijuana users is unconstitutional in
the case of a defendant who earlier pleaded guilty to the criminal charge.
The court allowed the man to withdraw the plea and ordered that the
indictment against him be dismissed.

DOJ has claimed in multiple federal cases over the past several years that the
statute banning cannabis consumers from owning or possessing guns is
constitutional because it’s consistent with the nation’s history of
disarming “dangerous” individuals.

In 2023, for example, the Justice Department told the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit that historical precedent “comfortably” supports the
restriction. Cannabis consumers with guns pose a unique danger to society,
the Biden administration claimed, in part because they’re “unlikely” to
store their weapon properly.

Meanwhile, some states have passed their own laws either further
restricting or attempting to preserve gun rights as they relate to
marijuana.

Recently a Pennsylvania lawmaker introduced a bill meant to remove state
barriers to medical marijuana patients carrying firearms.

Colorado activists also attempted to qualify an initiative for November’s
ballot that would have protected the Second Amendment rights of marijuana
consumers in that state, but the campaign’s signature-gathering drive
ultimately fell short.

As 2024 drew to a close, the ATF issued a warning to Kentucky residents that,
if they choose to participate in the state’s medical marijuana program
that’s set to launch imminently, they will be prohibited from buying or
possessing firearms under federal law.

The official said that while people who already own firearms aren’t
“expected to” turn them over if they become state-legal cannabis patients,
those who “wish to follow federal law and not be in violation of it” must
“make the decision to divest themselves of those firearms.”

Since then, bipartisan state lawmakers have introduced legislation that
would urge Kentucky’s representatives in Congress to amend federal law to
clarify that users of medical marijuana may legally possess firearms,
though no action has since been taken on that bill.

Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear (D) said in January that he supported the
legislature’s effort to urge the state’s congressional delegation to call
for federal reforms to protect the Second Amendment rights of medical
marijuana patients, but the governor added that he’d like to see even more
sweeping change on the federal level.

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